Writing Analysis (Graphology) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Composing Analysis (Graphology) - Research Paper Example Penmanship includes coordination of the eyes and hand muscles. The muscles agreement and discharge on the other hand, with an upstroke requiring a discharging development, and a downstroke utilizing an official or contracting development. On the off chance that the two movements are even, the composing seems musical and amicable (Nevo 61). Dominatingly contracted developments will deliver composing that seems unbending and squeezed, while totally extended composing shows up broke down and hazy. The basic idea of penmanship examination hypothesis is that the sort of development delivering the penmanship extends the character of the author (Lewinson 321). Contemporary graphology going back around 130 years is not the same as its antiquated roots and long history. Michon’s laws of graphology defined by Jean Hippolyte Michon, the author of European graphology in 1875, keep on being legitimate today. His idea of the inclusion of the mind and brain science during the time spent penmanship shapes the reason for the exploration led by present day graphologists. Michon accepted that since the individual is an unpredictable unit with a total solidarity to the whole existence, it was important to inspect each moment component in detail. In this way, composing framed â€Å"the specialty of addressing the eyes† (Bernard 4). Michon’s student Jamin underlined the general picture created by the signes or components in graphology. German researchers were trailblazers in the field of graphology towards the finish of the nineteenth century. Ludwig Klages who established the first German graphologoical society in quite a while, the recognized pioneer in the field. He utilized his own philosophical hypotheses as the reason for setting up laws and standards of graphology, characterology, and expressive conduct. He believed a cadenced progression of penmanship to be generally significant. Klages presented the term structure niveau as a pointer of the writer’s scholarly level and social foundation. A high type of niveau showed an

Practicing Theory :: essays research papers

Trying Theories In governmental issues, people appear to be extremely conflicting towards each other. Numerous circumstances allocate for difference just as intriguing conversations and discussions. I was viewing the presidential discussion when my better half began shedding her conclusion, which I didn’t very concur with. Maybe she overlooked what one applicant said and accepted the other in light of the fact that there was a predisposition in her reasoning. That, alongside what every competitor was stating was causing influence as I would like to think and I felt uneasiness. I picked Cognitive Dissonance Theory for this episode because of the clashing thoughts going on in my mind during this circumstance. At the point when she began offering one-sided remarks about whatever a specific applicant stated, I had clashing considerations that go directly alongside the cacophonous relationship part of the Cognitive Dissonance Theory. I imagined that so as to settle on a choice you have to know all that happens odds and ends of it, however what clashed with this idea was her one-sided remark that depended exclusively on one explanation. What I was after to make my own musings and decisions pleasant was to show up at some degree of reliable considerations inside myself with regards to how I can mitigate the strain. The explanation behind this disharmony was a result of outside sources that drove me to make a move that caused an impact. However, after the conversation with the other individual I ended up attempting to accomplish consonance and decrease disharmony in view of my distress. Basically I was attempting to persuade myself that I should attempt to discover some trade off with what she was stating so the contention would stop to exist. All together for the contention to stop and adapt to the discord my mentality needed to change, which drove me after the discussion to search out specific introduction. This implied I needed to look for data not present around then to help decrease the disharmony inside myself and stop the contending among her and myself. From what she was stating I additionally searched out an alternate sort of observation, particular understanding. From the vague data she offered I attempted to bargain and make some of it steady to my own considerations that could help further to end the disharmony. A definitive strategy I utilized that I wasn’t even mindful of until I saw this term was insignificant support. The insignificant motivating force given for this situation was simply me saying, â€Å"I’m no t saying you are incorrect, I simply need you to see the entire picture before you condemn.

Women Essay Example for Free

Ladies Essay In the enticing paper, the issue of fetus removal through a Feminist viewpoint and moral focal point will be investigated. Much discussion encompasses the issue yet taking a gander at women's activist hypothesis, all the more explicitly, radical women's activist hypothesis, the choice for a lady to prematurely end ought to be accessible if necessary. That, however the choice ought to be surrendered over to the pregnant lady and the pregnant lady just, as this is viewed as a type of getting away from male predominance in the public arena. The fundamental contentions that will be utilized inside the paper are: above all the women's activist point of view of fetus removal, a women's activist viewpoint of a woman’s power over her sexuality and how this identifies with premature birth, anti-conception medication, and in conclusion the thinking behind why ladies may decide to prematurely end. The composing style the powerful paper will follow is APA style, and coming up next are a rundown of academic sources that will be utilized: 1.Himmelweit, S. (1980). Fetus removal: Individual decision and social control. Women's activist Review, 5(1), 65-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1980.13 is one of the sources that will be utilized in the enticing paper. The diary illuminates and a report on unique research, just as it gives an investigation of issues explicit to the order. These two reasons exhibit a motivation behind distribution which unmistakably demonstrates this is to be sure an insightful source. 2. Zampas, C., Gher, J. M. (2008). Premature birth as a human rightâ€international and local norms. Oxford Journals, 8(2), 269-294. doi: 10.1093/hrlr/ngn008 is another source picked to be utilized inside the paper. Recurrence of distribution is frequently a decent sign that a source is in truth insightful. Regularly quarterly is a decent admonishing of an academic source, which Oxford Journals is tenable for. 3. Bridgeman, J. (2011). Savvy ladies in network: expanding on regular radical women's liberation for social change. Interface, 3(2), 288-293. Recovered from http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wp-content/transfers/2011/12/Interfac

The Foothill Yellow-legged Frog free essay sample

An investigation of this land and water proficient, also called Rana boylii sierrae camp. The paper starts by posting the frogs outer attributes and request of scientific categorization. It keeps on depicting its physiology. It contemplates the conduct of the frog, splitting this subject into conduct (counting a gander at its organic clock), learned conduct and social conduct. The paper incorporates an image of the frog. Rana boylii sierrae Camp. or on the other hand lower region yellow-legged frog is found for the most part in streams and riverbanks, covering up around the stones or develops for daylight. Ashton et al. composes that the species is morphologically distinguished in about 37.2 82.0 mm grown-up size, with dim and light dim dorsal shading with some earthy colored or red spots, much dubious in the adolescent appearance. It is portrayed that Rana boylii has unpleasant skin, subtle tympanum, flat students, completely webbed rear feet, inadequately created dorsal horizontal folds, absence of dorsal stripe, and absence of bruised eye cover. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Foothill Yellow-legged Frog or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Dissertation Topic in Financial Management Essay

Thesis Topic in Financial Management - Essay Example Markets have become globalized, yet charge structures have stayed national. Open outskirts cause overstated assessment rivalry, which thusly prompts a race to the organizations. Straightforwardness of budgetary markets implies right administration of all data identified with capital streams that additionally incorporate full expense income. Albeit creating nations have frequently been reproved for their lacking and breaking down money related and charge frameworks, they are by all account not the only blameworthy gatherings for the disappointment of framework. There is a fundamental movement from both on a national and universal scale is the important assignment to control the general loss of income. Global expense rivalry and destructive assessment rehearses are giving an ever increasing number of chances to certain gatherings to get away from their duty commitments. In this situation the weight of tax assessment will be moved to some different portions like common residents. The issue of extra lucidity and opportunity in trades of data between nations with respect to burden matters has gotten important to help many assessment organizations to bargain viably with regards to the globalization of world economies. Henceforth the present examination proposes to recognize the assessment situation in the worldwide fund advertises Also the investigation expects to watch the worldwide activity and the guidelines to get out the and the inconsistencies between the capacity of created and creating nations to get and give the necessary data to the compelling control of hurtful duty rivalry and tax avoidance issues. By doing such examination the ebb and flow look into plans to make a few suggestions to reinforce the present duty arrangement of worldwide budgetary market. Research Problem Area: Expense issue in the worldwide fund markets. Research Objectives: To watch the situation of worldwide budgetary markets To recognize the expense issues in the global exchange To examine the guidelines from national and global bodies To make proposals to reinforce the duty framework Research approach: The examination investigation of 'Expense issue in the worldwide account markets' is proposed to follow Qualitative investigation procedure.. Information assortment strategy: The Data assortment is proposed essentially through Secondary information (explore and assessment) and Observation of status of worldwide exchange and duty framework and the guidelines and arrangement structure. Key regions Associated with the Research: The investigation means to watch the writing survey on the accompanying angles 1. Review of International budgetary markets The remote trade advertise Seaward markets Seaward budgetary focuses Universal banking and worldwide exchanging 2. The globalization of money related markets: hypothesis and practice Budgetary markets' joining The various progressions of capital Administrative condition The administration's job in budgetary markets 3. Burdening issue: Prerequisites of Tax framework for global money showcase Burdening capital in a global domain: charge rivalry, charge coordination and duty harmonization Assessment rivalry: a righteousness or an issue 4. Tax Avoidance Worldwide difficulties of Tax avoidance Connection between charge rates and tax avoidance Electronic installments and burdening Seaward tax avoidance Duty sky Duty covers Models to consolidate tax avoidance Tax evasion and

Sleep Problems When Suffering From PTSD

Sleep Problems When Suffering From PTSD PTSD Related Conditions Print Sleep Problems When You Have PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Peter Glass / Design Pics / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Sleep Problems in PTSD Causes Nightmares Hyperarousal Sleep Apnea Loss of Control Coping and Getting Help Stick to a Schedule Pay Attention to Your Eating and Drinking Habits Healthy Sleeping Habits Try to Relax A Word From Verywell View All It is very common for people with a diagnosis of PTSD to experience some type of problem sleeping. In fact, difficulty falling and/or staying asleep is considered one of the hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD, and studies have found that sleep problems are one of the most commonly reported symptoms reported by people with PTSD. Sleep Problems in PTSD People with PTSD may experience a number of different types of sleep problems. Many people with PTSD have difficulties falling asleep as compared to people without PTSD. In fact, one study of Vietnam veterans found that almost half of those with PTSD said that they have trouble falling asleep at night, whereas only 13 percent without PTSD said that they have this problem. In addition, PTSD may make it difficult to stay asleep during the night. In the same study mentioned above, 9 out of 10 veterans with PTSD said that they often have trouble staying asleep during the night. People with PTSD may wake up frequently during the night, have difficulty falling back asleep, or may wake up earlier than they intended. Also, even if sleep does occur, it is often not good, effective sleep (for example, there may be a lot of movement or talking/yelling during sleep). Of course, nightmares are also very common among people with PTSD. Nightmares are considered one of the re-experiencing symptoms of PTSD. Among people with PTSD, nightmares may be about the traumatic event a person experienced or they may be about some other upsetting or threatening event. Finally, because of these sleep problems, people with PTSD often develop fears about going to sleep. They may experience worries or thoughts about their traumatic event as soon as they go to bed. They may also fear acting out their nightmares while asleep or impulsively upon being woken up from a nightmare, leading them to sleep alone away from their partners. Causes Sleep problems are often one of the more difficult symptoms of PTSD to treat and the exact causes of these sleep problems in PTSD are not really well known.   Nightmares It has been suggested that the nightmares of PTSD (or the fear of having a nightmare) result in difficulties falling or staying asleep. As people experience more nightmares and resultant waking, the nightmares may actually begin to trigger waking in order to escape the arousal that goes along with having a nightmare. Hyperarousal Sleep problems among people with PTSD may also be the result of experiencing frequent symptoms of hyperarousal. Constantly being on guard, tense, and on edge may interfere with ones ability to fall and/or stay asleep. A person may be more sensitive to sounds while asleep, and as a result, be more likely to wake up even in response to minor sounds. Sleep Apnea Researchers havent yet begun to explore why people with PTSD may be more likely to develop sleep apnea. But it is known that people with PTSD often show many sleep apnea risk factors. For example, they may be more prone than people without PTSD to: Have high blood pressureBe overweightSmokeHave  diabetes  or other  physical health problemsAbuse alcohol Sleep apnea is a common and treatable condition. Loss of Control People with PTSD may also view going to sleep as a loss of control. The lack of awareness and control that comes with sleeping may be frightening for a person with PTSD, thereby further intensifying arousal and interfering with sleep. Finally, the sleep problems connected with PTSD may lead to a problematic cycle. Because of a lack of sleep during the night, a person may sleep more during the day, leading to greater difficulties falling asleep at night. Coping and Getting Help Sleep problems are important to address because poor sleep can lead to a number of other problems. A lack of sleep or poor sleep quality can be a factor contributing to stress and mood problems. Poor sleep can also have a negative impact on your physical health. Changing sleep habits may be helpful in improving your ability to fall asleep. Fortunately, there are a number of things you can do to improve your sleep. Stick to a Schedule Sleep problems can be avoided by exercising during the day. However, make sure to avoid exercise within six hours of your bedtime because that can keep you awake late at night. With that in mind, its also important  to stick to a regular sleep schedule, so youre accustomed to going to bed at the same time every night. Pay Attention to Your Eating and Drinking Habits Avoid eating heavy meals before going to bed; however, make sure that you do not go to bed hungry. Either move can disrupt your sleep schedule. You should also reduce the amount of caffeine and nicotine that you consume during the day. Avoid drinking caffeine after lunchtime, and do not smoke before going to bed.  Avoid consuming alcohol within six hours of your bedtime as well. Healthy Sleeping Habits Try to avoid or limit naps during the day, especially after 3 p.m.  Forcing yourself to fall asleep will never work. If you are having a hard time falling asleep after 20 to 30 minutes, get up out of bed and try to do something relaxing (for example, drinking tea, reading a book). Do not return to bed until you feel drowsy. Try to make your bedroom a relaxing place, and try to limit your activities in the bedroom. For example, do not eat, watch television, check email on your laptop or talk on the phone in bed. Your bedroom should be associated with sleep. Try to keep your bedroom at a cool and comfortable temperature.  Use a white noise machine, earplugs, or an eye mask to help block out any distracting noises or light. Try to Relax Practice relaxation exercises before bed to release muscle tension and slow down your breathing.  Many people experience worry when they go to bed at night. Practice mindfulness of thoughts to separate yourself from these worries. Use medications for sleep cautiously and only under a physicians supervision.  Find ways to express and process unpleasant emotions and thoughts. Some sleep problems may be due to a person not adequately coping with stress. Journal or seek out social support to limit the amount of stress that you carry into your sleep. A Word From Verywell It may also be important to obtain treatment for your PTSD. Given that many of the sleep problems experienced by people with PTSD are thought to result from the symptoms of PTSD, a reduction of those symptoms may also improve your sleep. You can find out more information about treatment providers in your area who might offer PTSD treatments through UCompare HealthCare, as well as the Anxiety Disorder Association of America. However, it is important to note that people sometimes find that their sleep problems remain even after the successful treatment of PTSD. Therefore, it may be important to also seek out assistance from doctors that specialize in sleep problems.

Qs Registration - Free Essay Example

Question 1 The Construction Industry is a complex and unique compared to other due to its characteristic. Some of the characteristic of this industry is it involve many key players from either from inside or outside of this industry i. e. normally when someone said construction, the image of building, contractor, architect will cross into mind however, that only a basic key player; there are lots of them outside like arbitrator, local authorities, bankers and etc. to narrow down this issue, the profession normally involve are like architect, engineer, contractor and quantity surveyor. All these types of profession have their own responsibility and works towards the construction. However, each of them must be registered profession before start the works in order to have an authority in each profession later on. For example, for the quantity surveyor, they have two governing body that must be known and registered i. e. Board of Quantity Surveyor Malaysia (BQSM) and Institution of Su rveyor Malaysia (ISM). First of all the governing body that a quantity surveyor must be involves with is BQSM. BQSM was made by an Act of Parliament which is the Registration of Quantity Surveyor s Act 1967, Act 1967, Act 487 (revised 1992). The board comprised of a president, who is a register members of quantity surveyor, and sixteen (16) of members which are appointed by the Minister of Works Malaysia i. e. five members holding the office in Public Service of Malaysia, five registered quantity surveyor that have at least six years working; involve with Malaysian construction industry and this five consist of four from consulting practice and one from private sector. One from any institution of higher learning, one from nomination of Board of Architect, and one from Board of Engineers and two ore are nomination from the president. Furthermore, each of the members in the BQSM is appointed in term according to the QS Act 1967 (Revised 2002) normally in 3 year’s stages. In addition, this board also will act as a body for registration of quantity surveyor and practice firms consulting of quantity surveyor. This board is a body corporate body with unending chain and common seal and which may sue and be sued. According to Section 4 under QS Act 1967 (Revised 2002), there are several function of the BQSM stated like the quantity surveyor must be a registered with the board first before working and apply all the quantity practice to the community. The board has the authority either to approve or disapproved the registration of a quantity surveyor and/or the practice i. e. the firm itself. BQSM also will act like an advisor to the quantity surveying firm practice such as in case related to the issue of registration of the quantity surveyor. For example, the written notice will be send from BQSM to the misconduct quantity surveyor regarding either warning, summon or other actions that can be taken. The rate for professional charge each quantity surv eying practice will be revised time to time, with the approval of the Minister of Public Works. The scales of fees and charge for the provision of consulting quantity surveying services will be in board control. Next is to settle the disputes that arise in the quantity surveying profession. Moreover, the board also has the power to appoint the committee or arbitrator in order to settle that dispute. The disputes here mean only relating to professional conduct or ethics of registered, registered graduate or temporary registered quantity surveyors. Another function of BQSM is to act as a stakeholder in a contract for consulting quantity surveying practice in Malaysia. After that, the board is the one who will decide and determine what the codes are and conduct for the quantity surveyor. Therefore these codes will be the rules and the guide for each registered members. The BQSM also functioned in giving the quantity surveyor any information regarding the industry by held the various programs i. . developments programs in order to make sure the practice by the members are archive the standard require as a quantity surveyor. For example, the BQSM sometime conduct a seminar on the cost control and QS profession at the universities to give students clear and details information regarding the QS world. Before someone qualified to be a fully register quantity surveyor. He or she must enter and pass all the tests and exams that be conducted by the BQSM. The exam will be held by the board every years normally. Next, the examiners also will be the responsibility or the BQSM to decide i. e. he board will appoint persons or a body or institutions to be the examiner. Furthermore, the board also has the power to appoint whoever they want in giving recommendation regarding the examinations for the purpose of qualifying for admission to the profession. As we know, the construction involved many professions and each of them have their own board that supervise and organized li ke Board of Engineer and Board of Architect. In these boards, there a person that is from BQSM members that appointed by the board itself i. e. registered quantity surveyor to act on behalf of the BQSM in that organization. Furthermore, this not only focus ton these two boards only, but whatever board that are related to the profession of quantity surveying. The BQSM also concern about the studies programs and the students itself especially the students that are study in the quantity surveying practice. Therefore, to make sure they pass and graduate without having any difficulties, the board can provide the scholarship for any of them that interested to get the scholar from the BQSM. Next is to authorize any person to investigate the commission of any offence under this Act or any rules made under this Act i. . the Quantity Surveyors Act 1967. In the other hands, the ISM is an organization that combine all the surveyors profession like quantity surveyor, land surveyor, building s urveyor, general practice surveyor and so on under one name i. e. ISM. ISM consists of four surveying divisions such as Building Surveyor, General Land Surveyor, Property Consultancy and Valuation Surveying and Quantity Surveyor. The main reason of ISM was made is to secure the advancement and facilitate the acquisition of that knowledge which constitutes the profession of a surveyor in the industry. Firstly, to make sure that the surveyors profession are widely known and recognized as a professional profession level same as other profession in the construction industry like architect, engineer, contractor and other specialist. Next is to encourage the works of the surveyors up to excellent level and satisfied the needs and requirement of the industry nowadays. Furthermore, another main function this institution is to combine and gather all the surveyors’ profession together and then become a centre of the excellent for them i. e. assist and guide the surveyors until their success in their profession. Another function ISM is to promote and improve the standard of the professional practice and also ethics of the surveyors by organized development programs either in collaboration with BQSM or not. The welfare and rights of the surveyors also will be taken in account by ISM which is similar with BQSM. ISM also will be responsible for expanding the surveyors practice i. e. by incorporating related disciplines into our profession. Therefore, the surveyors’ profession not only widely related but also become a well known profession later on. No matter what will comes later on, both body which are BQSM and ISM is there to promote the general interests of the profession and to maintain and extend its usefulness for the public advantage. So, both of them are importance for surveyors especially for quantity surveyors which is a person who have a widely knowledge and expertise not only in the construction industry but also other industry like privat e practice, government sectors, educational institutions, construction companies, property developers, banks and financial institutions, industrial companies and other commercial companies. Therefore with so many services that a quantity surveyor can deliver to the public, he or she should have these body to protect and make sure their works in accordance with the industry. Question 2 Nowadays, quantity surveyor (QS) is played important roles in the construction industry in order to fulfill the clients’ needs and requirements. This job’s value as a quantity surveyor is similarly and equally with engineer and architect in the construction work. If the architect do the design and artistic works and engineer with his/her civil and mechanical and electrical design aspect, the QS will be the person who will quantified all the amount of the works for both parties in form of quantity and rate. Furthermore, the unique of this profession is not only that, but also act as a person that in charge of the contracting matters in the constructions like a lawyer or arbitrator but in another point of view i. e. the basis is the same which is to advise the clients and parties that involve in the contract. Therefore, with all the responsibilities and knowledge that QS has, they will be placed in a strong position to take a leading managerial role throughout the development of a project. For example, they are able to assess the implications of changes in design, site conditions and working arrangements and give the client accurate budget and time estimates. However, to be fully registered QS are not as easy as we think. There are several methods and procedure to be followed in order to get that title. These procedures are stated in the Quantity Surveyors Act 1967. Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM)/ O level or equivalent Diploma in QS from approved Institution of Higher Learning Degree in QS from approved Institution of Higher Learning Route to register as a registered quantity surveyor with BQSM First of all, for a graduate quantity surveyor to be a registered quantity surveyor, he or she shall know what are the requirement and procedure to become a fully registered quantity surveyor. First step he or she shall follow is to be a registered graduate quantity surveyor and to be a register graduate QS, the requirements as follows:- 1) Must be a Malaysian citizen or a permanent resident of Malaysia (Section 10(3) of the Act) 2) Holds a qualification in quantity surveying recognized by the Board (Section 10(1)(a) of the Act) 3) Passed the requisite elective subjects (if required) 4) Fulfills any topping-up condition imposed by the Board The qualification from the higher learning institution normally differs and revised every year in order to make sure the output i. e. the graduate is qualified enough. So, the graduate should check and make sure the qualification they get is certified and recognized by the board. When the qualificatio n is recognized, he or she can apply to become a registered graduate quantity surveyor. The procedures for a graduate student to follow to be a registered graduate member are stated by BQSM. The registration can be made either by online or by manual by using Form A. There are several form and supporting documents needed:- 1) Certified copy of SPM/STPM/ A-Level certificates or equivalents 2) Certified copy of Degree/Diploma/Certificate 3) Certified copy of full examination transcript from first year to final year of Degree/Diploma/ Certificates 4) Passport-size photo in formal attire ) Copy of identity card (I. C. ) 6) A non-refundable processing fee of RM50. 00 and registration fee of RM50. 00 in the form of crossed cheque/ money order/ postal order/ bank draft made payable to â€Å"LEMBAGA JURUUKUR BAHAN MALAYSIA†. 7) Address of employment and a copy of company’s letterhead (if applicable) 8) Duly completed Education History Form. In addition, the copy of academic qua lifications, I. C and any other supporting documents must be certified by a Registered QS or ISM member like the example below:- [pic] The graduate must stated all the information of the qualifications like educational history and other. If the form were not incomplete, the board will inform the applicant to rectified and verify again. However if completed, 4 months will be taken by board to decide the result and after 1 months, the applicant will be inform and he or she will get a registration number as a registered graduate quantity surveyor stated in Form C. After being a register graduate, he or she can apply for register quantity surveyor after fulfill the following requirement and procedure:- 1) Must be a Malaysian citizen or a permanent resident of Malaysia (Section 10(3) of the Act) ) Must works as a quantity surveyor with under supervise of registered QS or ISM member to the satisfaction of the employer minimum 2 years period after registered as a graduate QS in any depa rtments, authorities or institution approved by board 3) In case not in employment of any of the departments etc, employment as a quantity surveyor performing quantity surveying duties to the satisfaction of the employer, for a minimum period of two years after registration with the Board as registered graduate Quantity Surveyor in any firm or etc that having a principal, partner, director or a supervisor who is a registered Quantity Surveyor. ) Must have passed the Test of Professional Competence conducted jointly by BQSM and ISM. The test will comprise:- i) 2 years minimum period of professional experience mentioned before and approved areas of work under the supervision of a registered Quantity Surveyor. ii) Submission of practical tasks as directed by the Joint Test of Professional Competence Panel iii) A written test related to the professional experience that he has obtained and the Code of professional conduct iv) A professional interview conducted by at least two examiners a ppointed by the Joint Test of Professional Competence Panel from time to time ) Any other form of test or assessment of professional competence as the Joint Test of Professional Competence Panel may decide from time to time vi) Must have passed other appropriate form of test or assessment as the Board deems fit. Next is the procedure to register as fully registered QS where the applicant can either use via online or manual by using Form B. same as register procedure for registered graduate Qs, the supporting documents also required such as:- †¢ Certification of minimum two (2) years of working experience from employer in approved format [pic] Letter of approval from Joint Test of Professional Competence (JTPC) on successful completion of TPC or other form of approved certification. †¢ Passport-size photo in formal attire †¢ Name and address of employment. †¢ A non-refundable processing fee of RM50. 00 and registration fee of RM300. 00 in the form of crossed chequ e/ money order/ postal order/ bank draft made payable to â€Å"LEMBAGA JURUUKUR BAHAN MALAYSIA†. In short, all the above are similar procedure like before i. e. registration for graduate QS. Furthermore, these supporting documents also must be certified by a Registered QS or ISM member in the same format. For the purpose of calculating years of employment, the commencement date of the two years period shall be calculated from the date of registration as a registered graduate Quantity Surveyor. The TPC shall be conducted jointly by the Board ISM in accordance with the Rules Guide to the Test of Professional Competence published jointly by Board and ISM. If the application is incomplete or does not satisfy the registration requirements, a notification shall be issued to the applicant for rectification. Complete applications shall be decided by the Board within four (4) months from the date of receipt of complete application. Applicants shall be notified of the decision of the Board in writing within one (1) month of the date of the decision. Successful applicant will be given a registration number. A certificate of registration in Form D shall be issued to successful applicant. In a nutshell, the procedures are almost similar only the type of form being used and the amount of fees only differ from each registration. Graduate Registration 2 years approved supervise experience (ASE) Test of Professional Competence (TPC) (written test, interview, work diary, log book, practical task) Fully Registration of QS

Biology Homework Help Resources

Biology, the study of life, can be fascinating and wondrous. However, certain biology topics can sometimes seem incomprehensible. The best way to get a clear understanding of difficult biology concepts is to study them at home, as well as at school. Students should use quality biology homework help resources when studying. Below are some good resources and information to help you answer some of your biology homework questions. Key Takeaways Biology homework and assignments can be difficult to understand. Always make sure to avail yourself of all available resources so that you can succeed.Your instructor, fellow students, and tutors can be invaluable to help make sure that you get clarification on concepts that you dont understand.Understanding key biological concepts like cell processes, DNA, and genetics are helpful in understanding some of the foundations of biology.Use sample biology quizzes and online resources to test your grasp of biology concepts. Biology Homework Help Resources Anatomy of the HeartLearn about this amazing organ that supplies blood to the entire body. Animal TissuesInformation on the structure and function of animal tissue types. Bio-Word DissectionsLearn how to dissect difficult biology words  so that they are easy to understand. Brain BasicsThe brain is one of the largest and most important organs of the human body. Weighing in at about three pounds, this organ has a wide range of responsibilities. Characteristics of LifeWhat are  the basic characteristics of life? How To Study for Biology Exams Biology exams can seem intimidating and overwhelming. The key to overcoming these obstacles is preparation. Learn how to do well on your biology test. Organ SystemsThe human body is made up of several  organ systems  that work together as one unit. Learn about these systems and how they work together. The Magic of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is a process in which light energy is used to produce sugar and other organic compounds. Cells Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic CellsTake a journey into the cell to find out about the cell structure and classification of both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Cellular RespirationCellular respiration is the process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food. Differences Between Plant and Animal CellsPlant and animal cells are similar in that both are eukaryotic cells. However, there are several important differences between these two cell types. Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on earth. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaeans. 10 Different Types of Cells in the Human Body The body contains trillions of cells that come in varying shapes and sizes. Explore some of the different types of cells in the body. 7 Differences Between Mitosis and MeiosisCells divide either through the process of mitosis or meiosis. Sex cells are produced through meiosis, while all other body cell types are produced through mitosis. DNA Processes Steps of DNA ReplicationDNA replication is the process of copying the DNA within our cells. This process involves RNA and several enzymes, including DNA polymerase and primase. How Does DNA Transcription Work?DNA transcription is a process that involves the transcribing of genetic information from DNA to RNA. Genes are transcribed in order to produce proteins. Translation and Protein SynthesisProtein synthesis is accomplished through a process called translation. In translation, RNA and ribosomes work together to produce proteins. Genetics Genetics GuideGenetics is the study of  inheritance  or  heredity. This guide helps you to understand  basic genetics principles. Why We Look Like Our ParentsHave you ever wondered why you have the same eye color as your parent? Traits are inherited by the transmission of genes from parents to their young. What Is Polygenic Inheritance?Polygenic inheritance is the inheritance of traits such as skin color, eye color and hair color, that are determined by more than one gene. How Gene Mutation OccursA gene mutation is any change that occurs in the DNA. These changes can be beneficial to, have some effect on, or be seriously detrimental to an organism. What Traits Are Determined by Your Sex Chromosomes?Sex-linked traits originate from genes found on sex chromosomes. Hemophilia is an example of a common sex-linked disorder that is an X-linked recessive trait. Quizzes Cellular Respiration QuizCellular respiration allows cells to harvest the energy in the foods we eat. Test your knowledge of cellular respiration by taking this quiz! Genetics and Heredity QuizDo you know the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance? Test your knowledge of genetics by taking the Genetics and Heredity Quiz! How Much Do You Know About Mitosis?In mitosis, the nucleus from a cell is divided equally between two cells. Test your knowledge of mitosis and cell division by taking the Mitosis Quiz! Getting Additional Help The above information provides a basic foundation for various biology topics. If you find that you still have problems understanding the material, dont be afraid to request assistance from an instructor or tutor. They can help clarify concepts so that you can gain a deeper understanding of biological concepts.

Drug Abuse Essay - 690 Words

Drug abuse is a widespread problem that makes individual drug users the prime victims. But drugs also affect all of us, wherever we live and whatever we do. Drug abuse can cause serious physical and mental deterioration. The problem can tear apart the family structure and make it hard for learning. Difficulties on the job due to drug abuse make it hard for employers to run their businesses. Stealing form employers or from individuals to get money from for drugs causes pain and economic loss to the victims. Arrests and jailing of drug users and dealers puts a strain on law enforcement officials and the criminal justice systems; the cost to taxpayers is enormous. The millions of dollars spent on illegal drugs in America encourage criminal†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, they have been found to increase the effect of other drugs tat depress the central nervous system, including alcohol, antihistamines, barbiturates narcotics, sedatives, and tranquilizers. Two of the main typ es of antidepressants are Elavil and tofranil. Anti-anxiety tranquilizers are drugs that have a calming effect on the central nervous system, relieve anxiety and tension, and sometimes relax the skeletal muscles. The drugs have been shown to have undesirable side effects and to be habit-forming tranquilizers are especially dangerous as then intensify the effects of other depressants; tranquilizers can cause coma and even death. Librium and Valium are two examples of anti-anxiety tranquilizers that produce effects like alcohol barbiturates are often abused. Anti-psychotic tranquilizers are a major classification of drugs commonly used to treat serious psychiatric problems. The drugs, such as Thorazine, are rarely used non-medically, because that does not produce euphoric effects. Still, the drugs are sometimes preferred to barbiturates as calming agents because they do not cause physical dependence and even in large doses do not result in coma. Cannabis is a general word used to refer to preparation such as hashish, hash oil, and marijuana that are consumed for their intoxicating effects. The intensity of the reactions depends on such factors as the potency of the drugs, the mood and expectation ofShow MoreRelatedDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Resistance Drug use has become an increasing problem among high schoolers and teenagers around the same age. Ever since the drug war of the 1900s, drugs have been a major problem in today’s society. â€Å"Use of drugs such as opium, morphine, and other byproducts were common in twentieth century America† (Dobkin, 1998). While most students in standard high school drug education know about the use of coca leaves in Coca-Cola and the opium trade in China, drug addiction during the century is muchRead MoreDrug Abuse1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of and abuse of illegal and prescription drugs are a health, social, and law enforcement problem that is affecting Americans across the country. Drug abuse is destroying the lives of many teens and adults and is also destroying families in the United States. The use of drugs is a major problem in the United States among all Americans, but drug addiction is the main cause for America s troubled teens today. Exactly what is a drug? A drug is any chemical that produces a therapeutic or non-therapeuticRead MoreDrug Abuse8640 Words   |  35 Pagesreport on ‘drug abuse’ has been made by our group to give an idea of the calamitous cause of using drugs in improper way. The report is intended to serve the purpose of providing the knowledge about drug abuse and to suggest ways to help limit drug abuse. An effort has been made on our part to include certain symptoms which indicate drug abuse. Also throughout the report, repetitive use of the drug abuse’ has been made to instate into the minds of the reader the cause of using drug abuse in an illicitRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction : Drugs977 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse/addiction Jeremy Graham May 11, 2015 Period, 5 Drug abuse and addiction Drug abuse/addiction is a major problem in Indiana that affects many individual. Several solutions such as rehab and drug classes have been tried. Yet, the best solution is taking drug classes. Many people do not understand why people become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a socialRead MoreDrug Abuse2895 Words   |  12 PagesDay against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking every year. It is an exercise undertaken by the world community to sensitize the people in general and the youth in particular, to the menace of drugs. The picture is grim if the world statistics on the drugs scenario is taken into account. With a turnover of around $500 billions, it is the third largest business in the world, next to petroleum and arms trade. About 190 million people all over the world consume one drug or the other. Drug addiction causesRead MoreDrug Abuse and Prevention1510 Words   |  7 Pagesidea of prevention is to limit the availability of drugs (Hart Ksir, 2011, p. 400), but this is not essentially the best way. Addiction affects everyone. According to the National Inst itute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), substance abuse cost our nation â€Å"more than $484 billion dollars (The National Institute on Drug Abuse ).† So although you might not be directly impacted by drug abuse, as a whole your tax dollars are spent on fighting the war on drugs. Currently there are several different types of substanceRead MoreDrug Abuse On The Workplace Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Abuse in the Workplace: The human resource topic I chose to write my research paper on is â€Å"Drug Abuse in the Workplace†. Drug abuse in the workplace is something very common that many of us will encounter at some point. Alcohol and drug abuse has a major effect on employee absence and lost productively that leaves a negative working environment. It is important a company addresses the right guidelines to keep a drug free workplace. Establishing a clear and fair substanceRead MoreDrug Abuse And Substance Abuse1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) defines drug abuse as, â€Å" It becomes drug abuse when people use illegal drugs or use legal drugs inappropriately.† This may include; the repeated uses of drugs to produce pleasure, alleviates stress, and/or alters or avoids reality. The perception of addiction and substance abuse has been widely known for many years, but the medical community has failed to accept and publicly this issue among it own members . 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Prescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without a prescription, in a way other than prescribed, or for the experience or feelings elicited. Although prescription medications are intended to help individuals, they can

Transformational Leadership Style - 9215 Words

International Journal of Hospitality Management 28 (2009) 254–262 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Hospitality Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhosman Transformational leadership style, market competition and departmental performance: Evidence from luxury hotels in Australia Anoop Patiar a,*, Lokman Mia b a b Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel and Sport Management, Grifï ¬ th University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Qld. 4111, Australia Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Grifï ¬ th University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Qld. 4111, Australia A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Keywords: Market competition Transformational leadership†¦show more content†¦Similarly, Boerner et al. (2007) found that the organizational behaviour of subordinates had some inï ¬â€šuence on the relationship between transformational leadership and performance. However, subordinates’ ability to communicate task-oriented behaviour inï ¬â€šuences the relationship between transformational leadership and improvements in job processes. Davidson (2003), Wilkins et al. (2007) and Zetie et al. (1994) argue that motivated employees are more likely to deliver superior quality products and customer services. Hinkin and Tracey (1994) and Tracey and Hinkin (1996) highlight that, despite the intense market competition, senior managers in hotels have traditionally shown a tendency to practice a transactional leadership. Bass (1985) describes transactional A. Patiar, L. Mia / International Journal of Hospitality Management 28 (2009) 254–262 255 leadership style as being focused on clarifying roles and guiding subordinates to achieve pre-determined goals based on rewards. Indeed, transactional leadership offers employees only limited (if any) participation in decision-making or even none at all. Hinkin and Tracey (1994) and Tracey and Hinkin (1996) contend that, while transactional leadership style is likely to provide favourable results in a stable environment, its continual use under intense marketShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1426 Words   |  6 Pagesprove that transformational leadership styles have a major influence on the employee motivation and organisational culture, hence influence the long term success of the business. A number of key leadership styles, together with the transformational leadership will be discussed and linked to real business-world examples. According to the research, there are three main leadership styles, specifically transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire. It has been found that a transformational leadershipRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1457 Words   |  6 PagesOne leadership style stands out for its potential to advance organizational goals and achievement: Transformational Leadership. Understanding how leadership affects operations and the role it plays in organizations is crucial to success. This manuscript will examine Transformational leadership. It will also give examples of people that have embraced this leadership style. Finally, to help better understand the stance taken the text will explore several views on Transformational Leadership and whyRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1913 Words   |  8 Pagesleader; this is a leadership style called transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is a style of leadership that an individual is admired by many co-workers, changes how things are done, improves the vision for the future and motivate to the entire work environment to be better as a whole. Fact is that leaders who develop the style of a transformational leader leads to a better organisation performance, and a better job/employee satisfaction. Transformational leadership is based on fourRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership Style2413 Words   |  10 Pagesthere is a direct correlation between effective leadership and a higher level of emotional intelligence. Management theory tends to differentiate between two distinct leadership styles – transformational and transactional. It is the former that theorists link to a higher levels of emotional intelligence in the managers, as well as higher levels of performance in their subordinates. A transformational leadership style differs from a transactional style in that the latter tends to focus on the use ofRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1927 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership comes in many different styles. Depending on the type of mission or goal one has each style of leadership can be helpful or harmful. One leadership style that has been found to work well in a career setting is transformational leadership (Doody and Doody, 2012). Transformational leaders are described as having a deep set of internal values that they encourage those under them to take part in, in the end the ultimate goal for transformational leader is to help the greater good (Doody andRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1112 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Style Leadership is a process by which a person influences the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of others (Agard, 2011, p. 330). Leadership models can enable or hinder an organizations success. Additionally, leadership styles impact how effectively organizations reach their goals. When leaders understand their dominate leadership style, they can identify their strengths and weaknesses and gain insights on their abilities, values, and beliefs. In addition, understanding a leadersRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1370 Words   |  6 PagesQUESTION 2 Transformational Leadership To improve motivation of employees it is necessary for the Simbian’s top-management to change their leadership style. Balazs (2002) claimed that for industries, which based on individual’s creativity and team work, such as professional architectural firms, transformational leadership style is crucial for organizations well-being. In 1978 Burns first introduced the theory of transformational leadership and differentiate it with transactional in his researchRead MoreTransformational And Authoritarian Leadership Style1691 Words   |  7 Pages Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Pamela Walsh Leadership Dr. Maureen Nixon March 9, 2015 Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Over the course of several decades, the depiction of leadership has changed. What was thought to be innovative and participative or transformational tactic to leadership has replaced the classical and autocratic or authoritarian approach. The step forward that not everything old is bad and not everything new is good wasRead MoreA Unique Leadership Style And Transformational Leadership1286 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is the process of motivating others toward completion of a common goal and/or task. Luthans Avolio (2003) also introduced the concept of authentic leadership development, which is one of the many psychological perspectives of leadership. Authentic leadership is often defined as a pattern of transparent and ethical leadership behaviors’ that encourage openness in sharing information needed to make decisions while accepting followers’ input (Bass, 1999). I truly believe deep in my heartRead MoreThe Transformational Leadership Model Style1380 Words   |  6 Pagescompanies across the world. The company has roughly 60,000 employees in over 50 different countries. Leadership Style and Impact Leadership is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals. A â€Å"people activity, distinct from administrative paper shuffling or problem-solving activities (Daft, 2011). Richard Branson most represents the transformational leadership model style. Transformational leaders have a special ability to bring out innovation and change by recognizing followers’ needs

International Business Strategies For Action Essay

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES IN ACTION Name: Institution: Course: Date: Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 3 Research Plan and Analysis 4 Research Plan 4 Research Analysis 5 Barriers to International Trade 5 Conclusion 8 Counter-purchases 8 Acquisitions 8 E-business 8 Reference 9 International Business Strategies in Action Part 1 Executive Summary OO Consulting is a major human resource firm within the local and regional market extending to cover the United States, Canada. We pride ourselves in providing excellent and relevant strategic, managerial solutions to our clients who range exclusively of medium sized firms to multinationals. We attribute this to our strong work ethic to efficacy and accuracy in task performances. This is alongside stretching the professional and educational limits of members with an objective of providing fresh challenges and contributing to the overall academic and professional development of members. This report aims at providing an overview to the challenges posed to organizations that are intending to extend their operations into both the regional and global markets. A major reason why most organizations fail in the pursuit of globalization is not necessarily due to the strong competition experienced by other established multinationals but rather the lack of foresight on the bottlenecks present in participating within these markets. As such, they fail to incorporate means of solving or going around suchShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy For Global Brand Management1215 Words   |  5 PagesShoreham-by-Sea. They are a truly international organization and face the challenges that come with this in terms of controlling and monitoring on the one hand and achieving full market potential on the other. 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FurthermoreRead MoreFour Seasons Hotel Case Study1700 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Four Seasons’ Strategic Choices A company’s strategy can be identified by figuring out what business approaches and actions the company undertakes. Thompson et al. (2009) outline the key elements to look for in the process of understanding a company’s strategy. Four Seasons’ differentiation based focused strategy is evident from the organisation’s strategic actions. Sharp’s decision to build on high-end luxury and modern amenities so as to outdo the old grand hotels (p.3, para.3) is an exampleRead Moretopshop marketing plan1483 Words   |  6 PagesID:43228259 Business Name:Topshop   Email Address: wangyt_1002@hotmail.com    TOPSHOP Marketing Plan Prepared:  [25 Dec 2013] Table of Contents 1 Marketing Plan Summary [Please complete this page last] [The marketing plan summary is a snapshot of your more detailed answers from your marketing plan. It should be easy to read and simple to follow.  ] Introduction of Topshop Business name:  TopshopRead MoreInternational Paper Foodservice Business: Strategic Choice and Evaluation 1231 Words   |  5 PagesInternational Paper Choice and Evaluation International Paper Foodservice Business is known for the high-quality paper product they products. Consumers can also depend on the company utilizing recyclable products to help prevent damage to the environment. International Paper Foodservice Business company mission statement states be one of the best and most respected companies in the world - as measured by our employees, our customers, our communities and our shareowners† (International Paper, 2011)Read MoreStrategic Planning : A Successful Multinational Corporation ( Mnc )1370 Words   |  6 Pagesrequired be clear and specific. A sound vision and mission enable the firms to form a suitable business strategy to compete in a global competition. 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The Development Procedure Of Learning Circumstances Education Essay Free Essays

Dave A. Kolb was an American educational theoretician who was working on experimental acquisition, on calling development and on executive and professional instruction. Analyzing acquisition processs, he created four phases which constitute the Kolb ‘s Learning Cycle. We will write a custom essay sample on The Development Procedure Of Learning Circumstances Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Helen G. Thalassis. ( 2008 ) . Learning Styles. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.academia.edu/344872/Learning_Styles1. [ Accessed: 28th December 2012 ] ) . The first phase is called concrete experience. The scholar prefers to larn through experiences instead than theories and stress the feeling more than thought. The 2nd phase is brooding observation and it ‘s about expression back at what he has done and stress contemplation more than action. The following phase is called abstract conceptualisation. Use of logic, thoughts and stress believing more than feeling. The 4th and the last one phase is active experimentation which is when the scholar prefers the practical application instead than brooding apprehension. ( Clara Davies. ( 2013 ) . Kolb Learning Cycle Tutorial – Inactive Version. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ldu.leeds.ac.uk/ldu/sddu_multimedia/kolb/static_version.php [ Accessed 03rd January 2013 ] ) Kolb separated larning manner to four classs harmonizing to the scholar ‘s abilities. The learning manner is non stable. A scholar is able to follow a different manner when it is appropriate in order to confront the acquisition challenge. ( Bradford VTS. ( 2012 ) . Kolb ‘s Learning theory, Optional Material of Greater Expectations, Smart Business Coaching Course, Session 4. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bradfordvts.co.uk/wp-content/onlineresources/0307teachinglearning/educationaltheory/kolbs % 20cycle.pdf. [ Accessed 27th December 2012 ] ) . The first sort of scholar is called converger. Harmonizing to Kolb a converger, is able to run through illation experience and happen solutions. It is about believing ( Abstract Conceptualization ) and making ( Active Experimentation ) . As 2nd sort of scholar Kolb gives the diverger scholar. A diverger scholar is quick-witted, able to see state of affairss from many angles and likes group work. It is about experiencin g ( Concrete Experience ) and watching ( Reflective Observation ) . The 3rd learning manner is learner. An learner is good to make theoretical theoretical accounts. He/she likes meticulosity and truth and prefers theories to be logical. This manner is about believing ( Abstract Conceptualization ) and watching ( Reflective Observation ) . ( Helen G. Thalassis. ( 2008 ) . Learning Styles. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.academia.edu/344872/Learning_Styles1. [ Accessed: 28th December 2012 ] ) . As concluding manner we have the obliger. Ready to seek chances and acquire involved in new experiences. Normally an obliger is hazardous and Acts of the Apostless like leader. It works with feeling ( Concrete Experience ) and making ( Active Experimentation ) . ( Users On Net. ( 1998 ) . Kolb ‘s Four Dominant Learning Skills. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.users.on.net/~brogers/stafftd/style2.htm [ Accessed 04th January 2013 ] ) Trying to analyze myself I observe that as a individual I like the theoretical modeling in any facet of my life. I prefer to absorb observations into an structured result. I love to cognize what the experts think and when I think that the reply is incorrect I try to happen out the solution by using good developed theories. Planing and order are two critical things of my character. I like to hold control on anything and I manage this by be aftering. Planning is necessary as it is the manner that I use to delegate precedences. The same applies in larning. When I have to cover with any undertaking, I set up my mark, I plan how I can accomplish it and I set aims by delegating the precedence of each of them. I so seek to happen out the theoretical background of the aims that I set and through structured attack I try to come to a decision. Taking the aforesaid into history and using the Kolb ‘s theory to myself I consider that I am an learner. Runing through my past acquisition experiences I recall that at my last twelvemonth in high-school my schoolmates and I were assigned a group undertaking about the planetary heating. While the others were non paying the necessary attending to the undertakings that we had to finish, I instantly settled my end and decided the assorted aims that I had to run into, I established a timeline for the completion of the assorted phases of my research and I tried to happen the theoretical background on the subject. I spent by and large excessively much clip in researching about theories relevant to the planetary warning and I had troubles in using these to my undertaking largely in the manner of existent execution against to the settled timeline. In another illustration of my past acquisition experiences I bring in my head an person undertaking that I was assigned to at my high schoo l two old ages ago, about the educational development in my country. Once I was assigned with the undertaking I prepared a timeline for the completion of it and I settled my mark. Then I identified the aims that I had to run into against this timeline and I started instantly my research in the field of the theories that are relevant with my undertaking. What I can place now is that I was lost in the theoretical research, passing excessively much clip in this activity, something that created job in implementing what I had planned to make. Basis on the above I realise that I have a deficiency in the field of the existent executing of my planned marks. I could better this by seeking to heighten my execution accomplishments and on that manner the active experimentation is the manner to travel frontward. In this paper I have proved that I am an learner by uncovering the creases of my character and my past acquisition experiences that support this. However I have identified the weak point of mine in the field of â€Å" do ‘s † every bit good. I have now to be after the manner to cover this weak point in my attempt to better myself non merely as a pupil and scholar but as a societal member and individual every bit good. How to cite The Development Procedure Of Learning Circumstances Education Essay, Essay examples

Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti and The Seduction by Eileen McAuley Essay Example For Students

Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti and The Seduction by Eileen McAuley Essay Apart from the clear differences in the structure of these two texts, the similarity is between the authors. A female Christina Rossetti who seemed to be very ardent in her work and towards what men wrote about women, a feminist woman, wrote Cousin Kate in the Victorian times. This was very unusual for his time, as women then did not have any rights or allowed to speak out and were treated unfairly particularly by men. The author of the 1980s poem The seduction is a young woman from Liverpool, who also had very strong view towards women. Eileens views are not that surprising for then or now as women have many more rights and are treated as much as and equal to men. Women have also gained the respect of men. What is very surprising is that both texts are both related to the same topic and both of a very similar view. Linking back to the previous paragraph another difference between the two texts is the setting and difference in the periods of time, early nineteenth century and late twentieth century. One difference between the two poems is the males, the boy and the lord, the lord does not really have to try to impress the maid or Kate. He can just use his power and money. The boy in The Seduction, however, has to try to impress the girl. The poem tells us he is wearing a leather jacket; this could be to make him look older or more sophisticated. He told her about football; Sammy Lee and Ian Rush also suggests that the boy is showing off. He tells her about football because he knows a lot about it and so shares all his knowledge in the hope that he will look intelligent and so he will impress her. Far from the blind windows of the tower blocks. By using this personification Eileen McAuley is telling the reader that the city is dark, that the couple are alone and that it is quite safe for him to seduce her without anyone seeing them. In a poem, the author has to use powerful words to express the meaning of the sentence where as in a story a whole paragraph can be used. This can be seen in the line So she followed him there all high white shoes. The author here is telling us that she was pure innocent and still a virgin but wanted to be older and not so pure hence why she is wearing the high heels. The use of language is also very important in both poems. Imagery is a technique that is used frequently in The Seduction and in Cousin Kate. In Cousin Kate the maid says even so I sit and howl in dust, you sit in gold and sing. This creates an image of how bad Kate is feeling. The use of the word howl gives us an understanding of how upset the maid is and how bad she feels. The use of the word howl makes us compare her crying to the sound of a wolf. There is a lot of imagery in The Seduction. The setting is described using phrases such as the quiet bricks of Birkenhead docks, far past the silver stream of traffic and far from the blind windows. Adjectives such as quiet, silver and blind build up a picture of the setting. In addition, the use of the silver stream tells us that the girl is drunk by using alliteration to create a slurring sound. In The Seduction there are similes such as his eyes as blue as iodine and the Mersey, green as a septic wound. These similes help to create a picture of the setting by giving the reader something to compare with. .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc , .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc .postImageUrl , .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc , .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc:hover , .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc:visited , .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc:active { border:0!important; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc:active , .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89ca308add7384ba1f106d721b41f2bc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Essay: peaches and creamIn Cousin Kate the metaphor your love was write in sand is used. This tells us that the maid thinks Kates love is temporary and fake. She believes it could simply be washed away. A lot of the language used in The Seduction is symbolic. So she followed him there all high white shoes is an example of this. It is important that the shoes are described as white as white is a symbol of purity and purity is a strong theme is both of the poems. Later in the poem, it says and on that day she broke the heels of her high white shoes. This is telling us that she has lost her innocence and is no longer pure. Another example of this is in The Seduction where the girl rips up all her magazines until they were just bright paper, like confetti strewn on the carpet. The confetti is linked to weddings. The word confetti is used as it is immediately linked to marriage, and again purity. Finally, The Seduction says with a softly rounded belly. The word belly is used because it is a childish word and so reminds us that the girl in the poem is still a child. Symbolism is also used in Cousin Kate. The maid says you sit in gold and sing. Gold is a symbol of wealth and riches, singing represent happiness. The maiden says, So I sit and howl in dust as dust is a symbol of poverty and dirt. The maid is saying she feels lonely, dirty and unhappy. Another technique used in both poems is repetition, which is mainly used for emphasis. In The Seduction, it says by stupid, stupid promises. This could be an example of the girl realizing her guilt and beginning to face up to the mistakes she has made.

Explain how the theories and frameworks influence current practice free essay sample

Theories of development are very important as these theories and frameworks can heavily influence current practice and help us to understand the complexities of children’s behaviours their reactions and can also help us figure out different and new ways of learning. Starting with the constructivist approach (piaget). Piaget worked on intelligence testing and during this period he realised that children would consistently give wrong answers to certain questions so he began to consider and review why this was. He used his own children in the testing and his theory was often referred to as a constructivist approach as he suggested children constructed thoughts according to the experiences around them. Piaget’s beliefs helped people understand why children’s thinking is sometimes different from our own. The belief was seen to be that as the children develops so does there way of thinking. Piaget’s work has been seen to influence hands on approach to teaching children and also to create a specific teaching plan for an individual child dependent on their way of thinking and learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how the theories and frameworks influence current practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is something that Priors Court School does engage in their approach to teaching the children we look after. Freud’s theory was one of personality / psychoanalytic, Freud is famous for his psychosexual theory of development which is used to explain unconscious thoughts or actions. Freud’s theories suggested that there were three parts that made up our personality. The â€Å"id† the â€Å"ego† and the â€Å"super-ego†. The id is the instinctive part of a child’s personality, this is said to be the child knowing what it needs in regards to the body, hunger or finding pleasure. A child will be born with its id and once its needs are met ie being hungry and then getting fed is known as gratification. Then the ego works out the best way to meet the id needs of the child. The ego is often seen as the common sense part of our personality and usually starts in the first few months of living. Freud’s theories are generally seen as useful within professional circles and have been criticised for not standing up against scientific scrutiny. Freud’s theory is a good one to look at in relation to the teaching of children but not on to necessarily taken as fact. Next Maslow, Maslow’s theory was one of motivation and personality, often known as the humanist approach saying that motivation and personality are linked to our basic needs being met. The conclusion of Maslow’s theory was that people have certain fundamental needs which need to be met before they could fill their full potential â€Å"self –actualisation† This was demonstrated in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs pyramid. The way in which this links to current practice is that when working with children and young people it is essential that their needs are met. Professionals working with children need to strive to create a stimulating environment for children and form strong relationships with them. Bandura social learning theory was a behaviourist approach that suggests that people learn from watching others. This is often referred to as observational learning. This links in with current practice due to the fact that children will often learn a lot of social behaviours by the way in which people act around them. In Priors Court School for example we make sure that we are good role models to our students by being polite and showing positive behaviours. Operant conditioning is a theory that was pioneered by Skinner, and it is a theory that is based on the type of consequence that is given following a particular behaviour. Skinner divided the consequences of actions into three groups, positive rein forcers, negative reinforcers and punishers. Skinner looked at what would happen to behaviour if giving positive reinforcers at different intervals. Most professionals and practitioners will use this theory in one way or another such as giving rewards for good behaviour or sanctions for bad behaviour so the theory is well used in today’s frameworks and practices. To conclude, the professionals that have looked at the theories of development have greatly helped the framework and current practice of looking after children and young people. And in my opinion helped and improved the practitioners and professionals capability to look after autistic children.

Free Essays on Athena

Athena, one of the most important goddesses in Greek mythology. In Roman mythology she became identified with the goddess Minerva. Also known as Pallas Athena. Athena sprang full-grown and armored from the forehead of the god Zeus and was his favorite child. He entrusted her with his shield, adorned with the hideous head of Medusa the Gorgon, his buckler, and his principal weapon, the thunderbolt. A virgin goddess, she was called Parthenos ("the maiden"). Her major temple, the Parthenon, was in Athens, which, according to legend, became hers as a result of her gift of the olive tree to the Athenian people. Athena was primarily the goddess of the Greek cities, of industry and the arts, and, in later mythology, of wisdom; she was also goddess of war. Athena was the strongest supporter, among the gods, of the Greek side in the Trojan War. After the fall of Troy, however, the Greeks failed to respect the sanctity of an altar to Athena at which the Trojan prophet Cassandra sought shelter. As punishment, storms sent by the god of the sea, Poseidon, at Athena's request destroyed most of the Greek ships returning from Troy. Athena was also a patron of the agricultural arts and of the crafts of women, especially spinning and weaving. Among her gifts to man were the inventions of the plow and the flute and the arts of taming animals, building ships, and making shoes. She was often associated with birds, especially the owl.... Free Essays on Athena Free Essays on Athena Athena, one of the most important goddesses in Greek mythology. In Roman mythology she became identified with the goddess Minerva. Also known as Pallas Athena. Athena sprang full-grown and armored from the forehead of the god Zeus and was his favorite child. He entrusted her with his shield, adorned with the hideous head of Medusa the Gorgon, his buckler, and his principal weapon, the thunderbolt. A virgin goddess, she was called Parthenos ("the maiden"). Her major temple, the Parthenon, was in Athens, which, according to legend, became hers as a result of her gift of the olive tree to the Athenian people. Athena was primarily the goddess of the Greek cities, of industry and the arts, and, in later mythology, of wisdom; she was also goddess of war. Athena was the strongest supporter, among the gods, of the Greek side in the Trojan War. After the fall of Troy, however, the Greeks failed to respect the sanctity of an altar to Athena at which the Trojan prophet Cassandra sought shelter. As punishment, storms sent by the god of the sea, Poseidon, at Athena's request destroyed most of the Greek ships returning from Troy. Athena was also a patron of the agricultural arts and of the crafts of women, especially spinning and weaving. Among her gifts to man were the inventions of the plow and the flute and the arts of taming animals, building ships, and making shoes. She was often associated with birds, especially the owl....

Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Changes

Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Changes The federal and provincial governments started to make changes to the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) in 2011 to give more options to those who want or need to receive the CPP before the age or 65 and to those who want to postpone taking their pension until after the age of 65. The changes are being phased in gradually from 2011 to 2016. Adjustments have been made to improve the flexibility of the CPP, and to adapt to the different ways that Canadians are approaching retirement these days. For many, retirement is a gradual process, rather than a single event. Personal circumstances, from employment opportunities, or lack of them, health, and other retirement income, affect the timing of retirement, and the gradual adjustments made in the CPP may make it easier for individuals, at the same time keeping the CPP sustainable. What is the Canada Pension Plan? The CPP is a Canadian government pension plan and is a joint federal-provincial responsibility. The CPP is based directly on workers earnings and contributions. Nearly everyone over the age of 18 who works in Canada, outside Quebec, and earns over a basic minimum, currently $3500 a year, contributes to the CPP. Contributions stop at the age of 70, even if you are still working. Employers and employees each make half the required contribution. If you are self-employed, you make the full contribution. CPP benefits can include a retirement pension, a post-retirement pension, disability benefits, and death benefits. In general, the CPP is expected to replace about 25 percent of your pre-retirement earnings from work. The rest of your retirement income can come from the Canada Old Age Security (OAS) pension, employers pension plans, savings and investments (including RRSPs). Changes to the Canada Pension Plan The following changes are in the process of being implemented. CPP monthly retirement pension started after age 65Since 2011, the CPP retirement pension amount has increased by a larger percentage when you start taking it after the age of 65. By 2013, your monthly pension amount has increased by 8.4 percent for every year after 65 up to age 70 that you delay taking your CPP. CPP monthly retirement pension started before age 65From 2012 to 2016, your monthly CPP retirement pension amount will decrease by a larger percentage if you take it before age 65. The monthly reduction for taking your CPP early will be 2013 - 0.54%; 2014 - 0.56%; 2015 - 0.58%; 2016 - 0.60%. Work Cessation Test has been droppedBefore 2012, if you wanted to take your CPP retirement pension early (before the age of 65), you had to either stop working or significantly reduce your earnings for at least two months. That requirement has been dropped. If under 65 and working while receiving a CPP retirement pension, you and your employer must pay CPP contributions.These contributions will go to a new Post-Retirement Benefit (PRB), which will increase your income. If you have an employer, the contributions are split evenly between you and your employer. If you are self-employed, you pay both the employer and employee contributions. If between 65 and 70 and working while receiving a CPP retirement pension, you have a choice about whether you and your employer pay CPP contributions.You do have to complete and submit a CPT30 Form to the Canada Revenue Agency to stop making contributions, however. General Drop-out Provision IncreasesWhen your average earnings over your contributory period are calculated, a percentage of your lowest earnings are automatically dropped. Beginning in 2012, the provision was increased to allow up to 7.5 years of your lowest earnings to be dropped from the calculation. In 2014, the provision allows up to 8 years of lowest earnings to be dropped. Note: These changes do not apply to the Quebec Pension Plan (QPP). If you work or worked in Quebec, see the Rà ©gie des rentes Quà ©bec for information. See Also: Applying for the CPP Retirement PensionCanada Old Age Security (OAS) Pension Changes

Coprorate Ethics Issues in PSEG and Boeing Essay

Coprorate Ethics Issues in PSEG and Boeing - Essay Example These corporate laws are set by the government and companies but its implementation lies squarely with the employees. According to Nayar (2009), companies must develop trust as it is an essential component which makes customers and shareholders believe in the management. In this paper, I analyse two companies to establish if they have regulations that define their relationships with employees, clients, its suppliers, shareholders and other companies. Public Service Enterprise Group (PSEG) This is a company with its headquarters in Parsippany, New Jersey. It is an energy generating company formed in 1903 by merging services of 400 independently owned fuel and electric supply companies. This was done out of the need to enhance service delivery to the locals through a centrally governed public company. Under the leadership of its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Ralph Izzo, the company drafted a strategic document, â€Å"Be an ethics champion†. This document outlines the lev els of integrity that is expected of company employees, it also stresses the need for these workers to internalize these guidelines to create a unified positive image. This was very necessary since it is publicly owned and requires public trust to effectively execute their functions. It also operates a unique business model as it has subsidiary companies which it has to maintain favourable relationships with (Hansen, 2000). In this document, they highlight internal principles which the company adheres to: to promote accountability, the company submits periodic statements of accounts to the shareholders and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) who peruse them to establish the company’s financial position. This enhances transparency since the authorities scrutinize these books to see if the company engages in unfair trade practices. To promote harmony with company neighbours, it strives to maintain full compliance with environmental regulations which apply within its locati on. Since PSEG deals in dangerous substances which have adverse environmental effects when mishandled, the company has established efficient safety procedures that ensures employees and close neighbours are exposed to minimal risks in case of a disaster at the plant. During company gatherings for instance, the annual general meeting (AGM), the company management engages the shareholders in talks which address these environmental concerns. This stakeholder involvement ensures that the adopted plan gets input from the entire community; the employees, stockholders and clients then feel they have ownership to PSEG by contributing to decision making (Hansen, 2000). PSEG is a company operating in 5 continents; to maintain good ethical practices in countries with inadequate laws protecting integrity at the workplace is very difficult. The company is thus exposed to numerous unethical practices, especially in countries with weak graft laws. In countries with young democracies or authoritari an rule, there are cases of governments demanding high start up cost prior to setting up of an outlet. This partly or wholly goes to private hands in covert business operations. Due to employee racial diversity, the company is faced with personal cases of racial prejudice; the management has the ethical control unit that solves these differences and issue disciplinary actions where appropriate. Lastly, the company encourages employees to be company

The roles of pubic relations in crisis managment Essay

The roles of pubic relations in crisis managment - Essay Example The aim of nurturing public relations is to develop rapport with the public and by making them understand the organization and what its doing (Felea, 2004). Experts in public relation use all typology of communication with the public, as represented by personalities who are imbued with institutional and organizational identity (Felea, 2004). This process is deemed significant to avoid or wane down the opposition of employer and employees, in case of labor dispute, or probably to reduce panic in the market in the case of financial crisis. In international relations, countries diplomatically develop public relations to ensure that social acceptability and to maintain social peace while engendering cooperation and collaboration on social policy or agenda (Felea, 2004). This is also true in market relations to ascertain efficiency on commercial firm’s services and to maintain connections with its clients while on business operation (Felea, 2004). Thus, in commerce, a company would use advertisements and other related propaganda to better its relations with the public, its â€Å"goods suppliers, services providers, labour suppliers, clients, competitors, public organisms (Felea, 2004, p. 1).† Media is an instrument or tool for public relations. Companies relate with media to promote their products and to explicate its business operation and its campaign or probably to promote their activities relating to corporate social responsibility. With globalization taking the market’s core, modern commerce necessitates media in social networking, including the explication of its definitional struggle in the interface of science and policy for the market. David (1999) for instance explicates the significant effort done my farming industry in explaining to the public cattle disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow. By doing so, the company is able

Psychological Factors In Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay

Psychological Factors In Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay Health psychology is a topical development in the integration of biomedical and social sciences in health care. It addresses the role of psychological factors in the cause, progression, and outcome of health and illness (Ogden, 2007). Psychological theories can guide health education and promotion, and offer the health care practitioner a structured approach to understanding and meeting the health needs of health and social care service users (Morrison and Bennett, 2009). The appraisal of health psychology models can assist practitioners in evaluating their contribution to service users understanding of health, behaviours relating to health and the practice of health care. Appraisal and evaluation enable health care workers to apply psychological models and theories when analysing aspects of health and behaviour relevant to practice (Marks et al, 2005). Health psychology is concerned primarily with intrinsic factors, especially individual perceptions of health-related behaviour. Health behaviour, defined as behaviour related to health status, is becoming increasingly important. Public health policy has increased the emphasis on individual responsibility and choice and because of this; there is a corresponding need to improve understanding of individual motivations that affect those choices and health-related behaviours (Marks et al, 2005). The health behaviours studied by psychologists are varied, but the most commonly studied health behaviours have immediate or long-term implications for individual health, and are partially within the control of the individual (Ogden, 2007). Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, is a serious and progressive disease. It is chronic in nature and has no known cure. It is the fourth most common cause of death in most developed countries (UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, 1998a). Although no exact figures are available, it has been suggested that by the year 2010 there would be 3.5 million people with diabetes in the United Kingdom (UK). However, approximately 750,000 of the estimated number may be undiagnosed (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Diabetes UK campaigns to raise awareness of type 2 diabetes because if left undiagnosed, the condition can result in long-term complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. The total number of people with diabetes has increased by 75% over the last six years and the incidence in the UK is escalating at a faster rate than in the United States (Gonzà ¡lez et al, 2009). There is a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in people with South Asian or African descent (Department of Health, 2007). One of the reasons for this is thought to be that these ethnic groups have increased insulin resistance. Signs of type 2 diabetes are already present in UK children of South Asian and African-Caribbean origin at ten years of age, according to research funded jointly by the British Heart Foundation and the Wellcome Trust (Whincup et al, 2010). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age to as much as one in ten in those aged 65 years. The lifetime risk of developing the condition in the UK is greater than 10% (Leese, 1991). Diabetes-related complications can have a major effect on the individual and family members, and are costly to the patient. A study undertaken by Bottomley (2001) examined the costs of living of patients with diabetes complications, including taking time off work and transport costs for hospital appointments. The study showed that the cost of treating someone with type 2 diabetes with microvascular and macrovascular complications was  £5,132 compared to  £920 for someone who does not have diabetes-related complications (Bottomley 2001). This also has implications for the National Health Service (NHS) in terms of the financial burden of managing and treating the condition and the use of resources. It has been estimated that the cost of treating diabetes nationally adds up to approximately 9% of the NHS annual budget, although most of that is used to treat associated long-term complications, such as kidney failure, blindness, amputations and organ transplantation, rather than the provision of medication (Bottomley, 2001). With regard to type 2 diabetes, psychological theories and models have a long history of informing attempts to change behaviour and improve emotional well-being. Over recent years, many clinical guidelines in the UK by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) have included recommendations for psychological interventions for long-term conditions. Evidence-based recommendations have been made not only for the treatment of associated mental health problems such as depression and anxiety (NICE, 2009; NICE, 2004) but also for physical health conditions such as obesity (NICE, 2007) and changing behaviour related to public health issues such as smoking and lack of exercise (NICE; 2007). The aim of this essay is to explore the psychological implications for a person suffering from type 2 diabetes and others involved in the experience of that illness. Type 2 diabetes, is caused as the result of reduced secretion of insulin and to peripheral resistance to the action of insulin; that is, the insulin in the body does not have its usual biological effect. It can often be controlled by diet and exercise when first diagnosed, but many patients require oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin in order to maintain satisfactory glycaemic control and prevent the complications of diabetes (Diabetes UK, 2008a). To reduce the risk of long-term complications, both macrovascular and microvascular, people with type 2 diabetes need access to appropriate, individualised education, which informs them about the risks associated with the condition. Information relating to lifestyle changes such as healthy eating, increasing activity levels, and smoking cessation are vital (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Some people accept their diagnosis of diabetes and all that this means, and manage to adapt to their new lifestyle, but others find it difficult. Changes will need to be made to the type of food they eat, the amount they eat of particular foods and perhaps to the time at which they eat their meals. As a consequence of the required changes to lifestyle, it is not surprising that many people need some professional psychological support (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Diabetes may have an impact on peoples careers, driving, and insurance policies (life, driving, and travel). Difficulties surrounding holidays, work or travel abroad may prove insurmountable without support. People with diabetes who are also caring for others, for example children or elderly relatives, may find it very difficult to put themselves first (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Some people who have been diagnosed as having diabetes feel that they have been condemned to a life where everything has to be planned. There are, however, support networks available. For example Diabetes UK, a charity that supports people with diabetes, their families and the health professionals who care for them, has local and regional branches where people can meet and discuss problems and learn from each other how they manage their day-to-day-life (Diabetes UK, 2008a). The majority of people with type 2 diabetes are insulin resistant. Obesity exacerbates insulin resistance. As many as 80% of people with type 2 diabetes are obese at the time of diagnosis (Marks, 1996). Weight loss not only improves insulin resistance, but also lowers blood glucose, lipid levels, and blood pressure. Cardiovascular disease is often present in people with type 2 diabetes. The presence of insulin resistance accelerates atherosclerosis, leading to macrovascular complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. The mechanisms responsible for this are thought to be hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension (Garber, 1998). However, microvascular problems such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy still occur. The mechanism responsible is thought to be hyperglycaemia (Garber, 1998). Therefore, good blood glucose control is of crucial importance. Although the prognosis for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus is less than favourable, evidence has shown that making major lifestyle changes, such as having a healthy diet, smoking cessation, and increasing activity levels, can reduce the risk of long-term complications (UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, 1998a). However, using the threat of long-term complications as a means of inducing lifestyle or behaviour changes has not proved to have any prolonged beneficial effect (Polonsky, 1999). Continued support and appropriate education is required to empower individuals to take charge of their condition and make appropriate and timely therapeutic decisions. The healthcare professional and the individual must decide on the most appropriate treatment regimen to provide optimum care and the best medical outcome (Marks et al, 2005). NICE published a document in 2008 entitled CG66: Type 2 diabetes which recommended that all people with diabetes should be offered structured education, pr ovided by a trained specialist team of healthcare professionals (NICE, 2008). The utilisation of theoretical health psychology models can assist these specialist team practitioner in empowering individuals with type 2 diabetes to contemplate and instigate the changes in lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, lack of exercise and unhealthy eating habits that have adverse consequences on long-term health outcomes. With regard to health psychology, as previously mentioned, health psychology is concerned primarily with intrinsic factors, especially individual perceptions of health-related behaviour. Attributing health-related behaviours to internal or external factors has been discussed in relation to the concept of a health locus of control. Individuals differ as to whether they regard events as controllable by them (an internal locus of control) or uncontrollable by them (an external locus of control) (Ogden, 2007). Accessing diabetes related health services for testing or treatment could be viewed from either perspective. The healthcare professional is perceived to be a powerful individual who can diagnose and treat diabetes (external); however, by accessing services the individual is taking responsibility for determining their own health status (internal). It is useful for the healthcare practitioner to consider that in attending diabetic health services the individual has made an initial st ep in taking control of their own health needs (Marks et al, 2005). Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to act in concordance with advice from a health professional than those with an external locus of control (Ogden, 2007). Knowing this can assist practitioners in their communication style with individuals who have type 2 diabetes. Identifying the specific needs of the individual, by understanding their locus of control, can help the healthcare practitioner to tailor the assessment (Marks et al, 2005). When an individual has a sense of responsibility for actions or behaviours that exposed them to a potential risk of diabetic complications, the practitioner can work on exploring the circumstances that surrounded those behaviours. The individual may already feel motivated to change these circumstances. In the case of a client who does not recognise that their own behaviour or actions were a contributory factor in posing a risk of behaviour related complications, the practitioner should focus on developing the individuals leve l of awareness to shift their locus of control from the external to the internal. For example, the individual who perceives that taking responsibility for healthy eating use is always that of their partner (Ogden, 2007). Self-management for chronic illnesses such as type 2 diabetes requires adherence to treatment regimens and behavioural change, as well as the acquisition of new coping strategies, because symptoms have a great effect on many areas of life (Glasgow, 1991; Kravitz et al, 1993). For many individuals, optimum self-management is often difficult to achieve, as indicated by poor rates of adherence to treatment, reduced quality of life, and poor psychological wellbeing, effects that are frequently reported in several chronic illnesses (Rubin and Peyrot, 1999). Self-management interventions aim to enable individuals to take control of their condition and be actively involved in management and treatment choices. In the 1980s, psychological theory was applied to develop theoretical models and their constructs have had a particular effect on the development of self-management interventions. The Health Belief Model (Becker 1974) defines two related appraisal processes undertaken by the healthcare practitioner in partnership with an individual: the threat of illness and the behavioural response to that threat. Threat appraisal involves consideration of the individuals perceived susceptibility to an illness and its anticipated severity. Behavioural response involves considering the costs and benefits of engaging in behaviours likely to reduce the threat of disease. It can be useful for the healthcare practitioner to establish the clients perception of risk and implications of their adverse health behaviours when discussing the reasons for healthy eating, increasing exercise, and smoking cessation. It is also important to discuss the likely impact of diabetes on the individuals lifestyle and behaviour (Marks et al, 2005). The Health Belief Model can be applied to evaluate the risk of lifestyle changes. The healthcare professional can initiate structured discussion with the individual to identify their educational needs, particularly around developing a realistic understanding of risk factors associated with diabetes and unhealthy eating habits, lack of exercise and smoking. It is important for the healthcare practitioner to discuss the efficacy of changes in the above in prevention of diabetic complications, while discussing other methods of behaviour modification in context (Marks et al, 2005). It is also important to establish that the individual feels confident in the practicalities of and behavioural change. Therefore, the healthcare practitioner must support the diabetic in behaviour change by giving practical health education advice on the issues of healthy eating, the benefits of exercise and the importance of giving up smoking (Marks et al, 2005). The Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers 1975, 1983) expands the Health Belief Model to include four components that predict behavioural intentions to improve health-related behaviour, or intention to modify behaviour. These include self-efficacy, responsive effectiveness, severity, and vulnerability. In social cognitive theory, behaviour is thought to be affected by expectations, with individuals confidence in their ability to perform a given behaviour (self-efficacy) particularly important (Bandura, 1992). Therefore, self-efficacy can be said to be the belief in ones ability to control personal actions (Bandura, 1992), and is comparable with the concept of internal locus of control. It is based on past experience and evokes behaviour concordant with an individuals capabilities. Self-efficacy is distinct from unrealistic optimism and does not elicit unreasonable risk-taking (Ogden, 2007). Within the context of smoking and diabetes, an example of self-efficacy might be, I am confiden t that I can take responsibility for protecting myself from increasing the risk of further complications by giving up smoking. This concept has been used in self-management interventions through the teaching of skills, such as problem solving and goal setting, to increase self-efficacy. Again, in type 2 diabetes, this could mean the acquisition of knowledge relating to healthy eating principles and putting that knowledge into practice by avoiding foods that would make the blood glucose rise quickly. The goal would be to incorporate this behaviour into daily life on a long-term basis (Marks et al, 2005). Behavioural intention can also be predicted by severity, for example: Diabetes will have serious implications for my health and lifestyle, but conversely, Good blood glucose control will decrease the risk of diabetic complications. The fourth predictor of behavioural intention is vulnerability, which in the context of diabetes may be the likelihood of cardiovascular disease or diabetic retinopathy occurring. Rogers (1983) later suggested a fifth component of fear in response to education or information as a predictor of behavioural intention. The concepts of severity, vulnerability, and fear outlined in Protection Motivation Theory relate to the concept of threat appraisal, as discussed in the context of the Health Belief Model. Self-efficacy and response effectiveness, on the other hand, relate to the individuals coping response, which is the behaviour intention. If a person has self-efficacy and perceives benefits in taking control of their actions (response effectiveness), they are likely to have the intention to modify their behaviour to reduce health risks (Ogden, 2007). Information or education that influences an individuals emotional response can be environmental (external influence, such as advice from a health professional), or interpersonal (relating directly to past experience). Information and education contribute to an individuals self-efficacy. This in turn helps develop a robust internal locus of control and will inform and/or contribute to the individuals coping response (Marks et al, 2005). The coping res ponse is considered to be adaptive (positive behavioural intention) or maladaptive (avoidance or denial). Assessment of the individuals capacity to understand and apply information and to have an adaptive response is a vital skill of the health professional. A maladaptive coping response, such as the denial of identified risk factors, has potentially serious consequences for the health of the individual (Marks et al, 2005). Successful implementation of the Protection Motivation Model can enable informed choice and empower the individual to take personal responsibility and control of behaviours influencing their health (Morrison and Bennett, 2009). Skilled questioning and the use of checking skills by the healthcare professional following information-giving are important to evaluate the benefit, if any, to the individual with diabetes (Ogden, 2007). Readiness to change is a concept derived from Prochaska and DiClementes (1983) transtheoretical model. It refers to how prepared or ready individuals are to make changes to their behaviour. Interventions guided by this theory focus on individuals motivation to change and the approach is adapted according to differences in participants motivation to change behaviour. Success is achieved only when the individual is ready to take on the actions needed to change behaviour. An individual may know that smoking and type 2 diabetes are not a good combination. However, unless the person is ready to quit smoking, no amount of discussion with a healthcare professional will change the persons decision to continue smoking. Establishing an internal motivator is a good first step to assessing an individuals readiness to change, however, an individual also needs to feel that the time is right and that they are prepared to change. Readiness to change can be assessed by asking individuals, as soon as the potential problem is identified, whether they have ever attempted to change the behaviour before. Six stages of change were identified in Prochaska and DiClementes (1983) Transtheoretical model of behaviour change: Pre-contemplation; Contemplation; Preparation; Action; Maintenance and Relapse. Most people (around 60%) will be at the pre-contemplation stage when they are identified by the healthcare practitioner and will generally react in a closed way to the idea of change (Prochaska and Goldstein, 1991). They may be rebellious to the idea, they may rationalise their current behaviour or be resigned to it, or they may be reluctant to consider the possibility of change (Prochaska and Goldstein, 1991). In this situation, it is tempting to push people into making an attempt at behaviour change using their health as a motivator or by making them feel guilty. However, this is likely to prompt the individual to either lie about their behaviour or avoid the nurse completely. During the contemplation phase, it is suggested that individuals who are starting to consider change look for information about their current and proposed behaviours, and analyse the risks involved in changing or maintaining their current behaviour. The most appropriate action is to ask the individual to form alise the analytical process by undertaking a decisional balance exercise (Health Education Authority (HEA), 1996). In this exercise the person is asked to consider the positive and negative implications of maintaining or changing their behaviour. The individual then decides whether maintaining or changing the behaviour will give them increased positive outcomes, and if they are willing to attempt the change. To be at the preparation stage, individuals need to believe that their behaviour is causing a problem, that their health or wellbeing will improve if they change the behaviour, and that they have a good chance of success (Prochaska and Goldstein, 1991). Once the healthcare practitioner establishes that the individual has an internal motivator and is ready to make an attempt at behaviour change, a supportive treatment plan is needed. Individuals who are in the process of behaviour change, or who have achieved and are maintaining the new behaviour, need help to avoid relapse (Pro chaska and Goldstein, 1991). The most effective way to do this is to ask the individual to reflect on their experiences so far. Apart from taking into account the management behavioural change for those with type 2 diabetes, it is also of vital importance that there is a consideration the emotional impact of a diabetes diagnosis and living with the condition. How patients feel when presented with the diagnosis of a chronic illness such as diabetes can have an enormous impact on their lives, and on their ability to make emotional adjustments to the disease itself (Marks et al, 2005). Research has found that that the diagnosis of a chronic illness can have a strong emotional impact on individuals, with reactions of grief, denial and depression. The emotional aspects of developing and coping with diabetes can affect overall control of the disease profoundly. Similarly, these feeling may form a barrier to effective listening and learning during the consultation process and any future self-management strategies. Therefore, it is proposed that this should be taken into consideration when developing educational prog rammes and protocols for people with diabetes (Thoolen et al, 2008). Coping and adapting to a long-term chronic illness is a major theme in health psychology (Ogden, 2007). Leventhal Nerenz (1985) propose that individuals have their own common sense beliefs about their illness. These include identity: diagnosis (diabetes) and symptoms (elevated blood sugar levels, excessive hunger and excessive thirst). Perceived cause of illness: stress, a virus, unhealthy lifestyle. Time line: acute or chronic. Consequences: physical (pain, mobility problems) and emotional (lack of social contact, anxiety). Cure and control: for example by taking medication or getting plenty of rest. With regard to adapting to an illness such as diabetes, the stress coping model of Lazarus and Folkman (1984) Transactional model of stress is the concept that is most widely utilised. The model suggests that there are key factors in adaptation to chronic illness, disease-specific coping efforts, changes in illness representation over time, interaction between psychological reality of disease and affective response, procedures for coping with the disease and interaction with context. The stress coping model (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) emphasises the value of coping strategies to deal with a particular condition. Self-management strategies based on this model attempt to improve the individuals coping strategies. In type 2 diabetes, people are faced with the prospect of long-term complications caused by the condition. If people are aware of these possibilities and also that successful treatment is, available it makes a diagnosis of such problems less daunting. However, there are limitations to this model. It is debated that it is a frame of reference, not a theory that ignores specific features of the illness. The situation dimension poorly represented and it is not specific. The model also neglects interactions with context (e.g. social support, other life events) and offers no account of life goals on illness representation and coping (Ogden, 2007). It is of vital importance that stress is controlled and managed in an individual with type 2 diabetes. Research has shown a link between stress as a causal factor and that stress has been found to be a factor in regulation of blood glucose regulation. Sepa et al (2005) found that family stress has a significant impact on the and development of diabetes among infants. With regard to stress and metabolic control, research has found that stressful life events predict poor glucose control. In a study by Surwit et al, (2002) the management of stress was found to improve glucose control. Therefore, it is posited that the impact of stress can affect diabetes adversely and any interventions to manage stress may be a worthwhile component of diabetes education programs. An additional influence on coping and adapting to living with diabetes and the development of self-management strategies has come from clinical psychology, particularly Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT). Central to these therapies is the importance of attempting to change how people think about their illness and themselves, and how their thoughts affect their behaviour. Depression is one of the most common psychological problems among individuals with diabetes, and is associated with worse treatment adherence and clinical outcomes (Gonzalez et al, 2010). A randomised controlled trial (RCT) undertaken by Lustman et al, (2008) found that the percentage of patients achieving remission of depression was greater in the CBT group than in the control group. Although the research found that there was no difference in the mean glycosylated haemoglobin levels of the groups post-treatment, follow-up mean glycosylated haemoglobin levels were significantly better in the CBT group than in the control group. Therefore, it is debated that the combination of CBT and supportive diabetes education is an effective non-pharmacologic treatment for major depression in patients with type 2 diabetes. It may also be associated with improved glycaemic control. It is important to note however, that certain limitation apply to the above study that may have an effect on the findings. The generalizability of the findings is uncertain. The study was limited to a relatively small number of patients. Similarly, the follow-up interval was limited to the 6 months immediately after treatment. Likewise, the researcher cannot exclude the possibility that CBT and diabetes education interacted in a way that potentiated antidepressant effectiveness; analogous interactions may have occurred in many clinical trials. Further studies comparing CBT and diabetes education, individually and in combination, are needed to answer such questions and to see whether successful CBT alone is sufficient to produce glycaemic improvement. Correspondingly, it is worth noting that patients in the CBT group had education almost a full year longer than controls. The difference in education was not statistically significant, but the extra educational experience may have contributed to improved outcome in the CBT group. Finally, treatment was administered by a single psychologist experienced in the use of CBT. Whether treatment would be as effective when administered by other therapists is uncertain. For any person with type 2 diabetes to engage in any self-management strategy, good mental health is necessary. However, studies have shown reduced self-worth and/or anxiety in more than 40% of people with diabetes (Anderson et al, 2001). There are several possible reasons for this. Being diagnosed with diabetes immediately poses major concerns for the individual, including what the future holds in terms of health, finance, and family relationships. Although everyone deals with diagnosis differently, for some it can cause immediate stress, including feelings of shock or guilt. Some individuals may also be ashamed and want to keep the diagnosis a secret. Others may be relieved to know what is causing the symptoms they have been experiencing. An Audit Commission (2000) report acknowledged that: people with diabetes are more likely to suffer from clinical depression than those in the general population. The report then went on to specify that therefore, diabetes services should make exp licit provision for psychological support and should monitor the psychological outcomes of care. In conclusion, to be successful in changing behaviour to negate the complications of type 2 diabetes, individuals need to decide for themselves which behaviours are undesirable, that is, which behaviours could have negative health, financial, social or psychological implications. People with diabetes also need to feel that the negative impact of risky health behaviours will be reduced or altered if they change their behaviour. It is important that individuals have confidence in their ability to make and maintain behavioural changes. It is not the health practitioners role to make this judgement or impose his or her beliefs. To support behavioural change, healthcare professionals need to feel comfortable in discussing lifestyle behaviours. They also need to assess an individuals preparedness to make a change and identify the factors that motivate them to change. The application of health psychology models, such as the Health Belief Model, the Protection Motivation Theory and the Trans theoretical model of behaviour change, to the management process can enable healthcare practitioners to assess contributory factors to health behaviours. Applying models can also help to identify motivators and barriers to health-improving and health-protecting behaviours, and identify strategies which assist the person in behavioural change. The role of the healthcare professional is to enable individuals to make an informed choice by working in partnership with them to decide when and if behaviour change is desirable. By understanding how an individual copes and adapts to living with a long-term condition such as diabetes can assist in empowering individuals to managed stress that appears to have a negative impact on blood glucose levels. Correspondingly, the use of CBT as a non-pharmacological treatment has been shown to improve depression that is often apparent in individuals with diabetes. Healthcare practioners caring for those with diabetes should be trained in the use of CBT .